The War Of The Civil War - 1039 Words

The civil war is by far the bloodiest war in American history. In the four deadly years of war, over six-hundred thousand Americans were killed. Many disputes that led to the civil war. These conflicts started under President James Buchanan who was a Democrat elected in the election of 1856. The issue of slavery, states’ rights, the abolitionist movement, the Southern secession, the raid on Harper’s Ferry, the election of Abraham Lincoln all contributed to the start of the civil war. The civil war and its aftermath transformed the entire nation by unifying the United States, abolishing slavery, and led to the American Industrial Revolution. One of the most controversial crisis at that time was slavery. When the Fugitive Slave Law, was†¦show more content†¦Abraham Lincoln is the first Republican president that announced that he wanted to keep slavery out of the territories but he respected slavery where it had already existed. Several southern states seceded and formed the Confederate States of America. The northerners refused to acknowledge the secession because they believed it was illegal and illegitimate. Abraham Lincoln wanted to save the Union in the fastest possible way. He believed as soon as national authority was reestablished, the nation would become the Union it was once before. The main goal was to preserve the unity of the America and whether slavery is saved or destroyed depended if it helps save the Union. Even before the civil war ended, President Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on September 22, 1862. Emancipation was not initially a war aim but by the summer of 1862, in order to win support in Europe, the government made abolition an objective. By January of 1863, the Proclamation stated that all slaves in areas of rebellion against the United States, shall then be freed of bondage. Although this was only a start to the political and social transformation in America, it was the start of revolutionizing the so cial and political status of blacks. Eventually, black males were granted proper social and political rights such as the right to vote and the right to own land (Doc 1, Garraty 398-399). The ultra Radical Republicans

Positive Accounting Research Prediction-Myassignmernthelp.Com

Questions: Q1. How impacts of the realistic events in an organization or in its surrounding can influence the positive accounting system? Q2. How observation of the people can impact on the positive accounting systems? Q3. What are the scientific approaches that can be used for the development of the better positive accounting system in an organization? Q4. Which are the other sources of data collection in the accounting research program which will influence the concept of the positive accounting research? Answers: Introduction The report consists of a critical review and research on the article on Positive Accounting Research. The theory behind the positive accounting states that, the accounting prediction should relate to the real world events and these should be translated to accounting transactions purposes. However, the theory predicts and explains that, the actions for defining and relating the real world events should follow the accounting norms and the firms will react to the new accounting standards. The article by Watts and Zimmerman has considered the positive accounting theories as a research on the accounting standards. The article has considered the human behavior in the accounting settings and the various other factors affecting the accounting practices in the real situations or problems. The theories of Positive accounting and the research contain the philosophical research theories too to examine the concepts relating to practical exercise. The research has covered the issues like casual assembly of the models and theories, the human behavior in omitting few crucial numerical values and parameters. The report consists of the research questions which relates to the article and the theories of the Positive accounting. The scientific objectives are also considered for the research and analysis of the concepts and practices of Positive Accounting. Summary of the article Main Argument There are various shortfalls in the present-day accounting research program which are discussed in the article. The study by Watt has gone through various articles through which he developed the concept of positive accounting in the article. The study shows, the firm managers encompass the accounting principles and the pricing standardizations also. However, the reporting decisions of the auditors also be influenced by the regulations and standardization of the accounting processes. There are various areas of positive accounting research which do not claim for theoretical models or concepts but has impact on the practical accounting decisions. The control systems for the positive accounting need to be implemented for the understanding of the issues in the real world. The human behavior is merely correlated with the characteristics of the auditors who draw the decision for the firms in the accounting purposes. However, the approaches of Fukuyama suggest that the fundamental model of t he accounting rational relates to the human behavior and it seems to be in the correct form around 80 percent of the time (Dunmore 2011). There are application of the mathematical forms and models for the problem solving purposes in the research programs. Apart from that, researchers need to focus on the estimation of the parameters in the flow of the research. The self renewing nature of the accounting research community and the quantitative approaches of the positive paradigm support the accounting research process and the real practices by the organizations. The research structure can be optimized as the imitation science and the evidences should be evaluated with analytical frames of scientific research. However, the empirical data analysis should be related with the positive accounting research. Aim of the article The article has researched on the concept of Positive Accounting with scientific methods and the research has gone through various research hypotheses such as An independent world which can be rarely imagined and the events in that world can be rarely controlled. Events are not completely random neither completely planned in the context of real world or the world which is not imaginary. The careful observation can lead to the reliable information about such events. The intellectual enquiry should be purposefully used to observe the detailed understanding of the real practical world and the mental models need to be adopted for mapping the casual processes. Overall Findings The ontology discussed in the article covers the concepts and relation of the human agencies, social infrastructures such as human roles and responsibilities, practices in the organizations with the change in accounting. The rational causes such as social factors, the experiences of various real events, the meaningful actions regarding various responsibilities, social interaction also influence the accounting changes in organizations (Dunmore 2011). The article has covered the requirements for the success of the positive research program and states that, Popperian approaches are useful for the positive research; however, various mathematical formulae and accurate examination with analytical approaches are necessary for the research program. Along with that, various analytical frameworks are also required for the research. A focus on the crucial measurements need be considered for this research. However, the feedbacks also need to be collected to support the positiveness of the working model of the research and the measurements need to be supported by the realistic feedbacks from the research. The survey observed a huge gap in the actual practice of the positive accounting and the concepts of positive accounting. For the necessary management, the organizations need to modify the system along with omitting the findings for the mistakes rather develop the necessary models for the modification. The article also discussed about the normal science concept defined by Kuhn and finds that; it is relevant with the insights of the purpose of developing the positive accounting in organizations. Along with that, the scientific research needs to be considered as a cultural activity which validates the participation of the focus group in the research. The normal science conceptualizes as the disciplinary practices beliefs of the members of the group for the purpose of solving large numerical problems. The numerical problems can be related with the form of puzzles and the members of the group will have ease in solving the problems (Dunmore 2011). Theoretical Arguments The theoretical arguments approach for the mathematical models and frames of analytical calculation for the data of a research program. The audit fee can be considered as a function of calculation. The probabilistic approaches of Choi formulates the mathematical concept as Where r = legal regime, k = audit complexity, p = the probability of managerial competence, L = the payment stated by the auditor. This scientific form needs to have positive audit fees and the valuation of K should be feasible and the legal regime should be maintained. Another theoretical model need to be related with the positive accounting is a mathematical form such as The k and the r are the proxies and these can be used as a logarithm function in this mathematical frame of accounting research. However, there are several other scientific approaches covering the models of physics, biology and the analytical models can be presented as the crucial parts of the empirical research papers. The game theory can also be used for the exercise of the tractable models and an equilibrium solution can be deduced from the research. The Empirical research models rarely moves with the testable predictions (Dunmore 2011). Contribution The article has examined the ontology and the epistemology for the positive accounting research and it has also analyzed the current practices in the field of positive accounting. The study has covered various research articles along with scientific approaches for the purpose of resolving the practical accounting problems in the organizations. The article has found various gaps in the process of systematic positive accounting research and hence suggested various approaches for the quantitative research. The theoretical models required for the rigorous testing in the research program has been discussed in this article. The shift in focus requirements are also mentioned in the statements and the use of confidence intervals of the hypothesis parameters are also described in this article. The article has found that the data archives of the measurements need to develop with crucial approaches in the research program (Dunmore 2011). Discussion The above mentioned questions are the hypothetic questions developed in the article. The literature review has considered theses hypothesis questions and derived such information from various research journals and articles regarding the positive accounting research. The first question has focused by the literature review as with the journal written by Davila and Foster in the year 2007. The article has covered the decision theory of the accounting information and accounting approaches in an organization. Along with that, the theoretical model of understanding factors related to the adoption of positive approaches are also discussed in the article. The second question has given importance of the human behavior regarding the observation of the crucial measurements in an accounting system along with the realistic frameworks. The third question has focused on the scientific research approaches in the research studies and its use in the accounting studies. The literature has reviewed various articles relating with the concept of mathematical tools and diagrams along with the scientific approaches of physics and biology and other sciences. The use of such scientific approaches along with the formulae structure has been discussed in this article. The forth question has considered the reliability of the data collection sources and relevance of the databases of these sources. The article has analyzed the importance of the choice of the auditors in defining the correct databases for the changed accounting models (Dunmore 2011). Theoretical framework Significance and limitations The article has limitations such as The article has mentioned the use of scientific approaches of physics and other sciences but discussion has focused on the mathematical approaches. There are few more areas to be considered in the article such as the discussion of the accounting standards and the process of accessing it scientifically. Conclusion The article has gone through various areas of research strategies and methods for the positive accounting research and the article has covered theoretical concepts regarding the scientific studies. The article has concluded various aspects of positive accounting. The report has critically analyzed the article of Dunmore and pointed out the discussion on the hypothesis, the theoretical concepts and frameworks. The report has derived various significance of the study done by the article in the positive accounting research. References Avel, D., 2014. Positive accounting theory: theoretical and critical perspectives.International Journal of Critical Accounting,6(4), pp.396-415. Baiman, S., 1990. Agency research in managerial accounting: A second look.Accounting, Organizations and Society,15(4), pp.341-371. Boland, L.A. and Gordon, I.M., 1992. Criticizing positive accounting theory.Contemporary accounting research,9(1), p.142. Bonin, H., 2013.Generational accounting: theory and application. Springer Science Business Media. Chambers, R.J., 1993. Positive accounting theory and the PA cult.Abacus,29(1), pp.1-26. Deegan, C., 2013.Financial accounting theory. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Dunmore, P.V., 2011. Half a Defence of Positive Accounting Research. Milne, M.J., 2002. Positive accounting theory, political costs and social disclosure analyses: A critical look.Critical perspectives on accounting,13(3), pp.369-395. Nur, E., 2017. Keilmiahan positive accounting theory dipandang dari tiga main stream filsafat (lakatos, kuhn dan popper). Raj, S.K. and Roy, S., 2016. Accounting Theory: An Ethical Perspective of Real Life Scenarios.International Journal of Business and Social Research,6(10), pp.47-55. Watts, R.L. and Zimmerman, J.L., 2003. positive accounting theory: A ten year perspective. Whitley, R.D., 1988. The possibility and utility of positive accounting theory.Accounting, organizations and Society,13(6), pp.631-645.

The Advantages of College Entrance Essay Topics

The Advantages of College Entrance Essay Topics The Admission essay functions as a mirror of the individual you are and plays an extremely important part in Christian College Applications. When you inform us about all of the paper information, we'll begin trying to find an acceptable writer for your paper. If you've already graduated from college or university and are looking for a fantastic job, you want to get a persuasive resume to impress your future employer. Colleges want to get a feeling of maturity and introspectionpinpoint the transformation and demonstrate your private growth. They are more likely to admit students who can articulate specific reasons why the school is a good fit for them beyond its reputation or ranking on any list. After the student is still in university, he's constantly searching for employment that gives people with money and a superb salary. 6 Encourage Group Work Some students need a small encouragement from their peers so as to discover thei r voice. Becoming too determined by modern technology many are technology without doubt is a helpful tool that we as humans utilize each and every day. At precisely the same time, you will impress the college admissions folks greatly if you're able to present your capacity to learn from your failures and mistakes. You are likely to learn selections of solutions used to discover the authority of a typical modest home enterprise. The very first is to inspect the feed-back off their purchasers and prospective buyers in order to produce your impact. The College Entrance Essay Topics Chronicles If you're beginning to feel frustrated or overwhelmed by your essay, take a rest and do something different. Get your creative juices flowing by brainstorming all the potential ideas you can imagine to handle your essay question. Very often it becomes hard to choose a single topic either on account of the many ideas in the student's head, or due to their complete absence. Finding out how to organize thoughts and make a cohesive argument can be equally as confusing. There's not any reason to rush your essay. You could also use the introduction to supply the reader a fundamental roadmap so they can understand the way your statement is designed to flow. The very first step is to select a suitable essay topic and the selection of the subject depends upon the Christian Institution of your pick. Make certain that you connect the significance of the activity to a particular experience or story to provide the essay direction. If you're applying to multiple art schools, it could be tempting to use the identical application or private essay. Additionally, supplemental essays will be added as they're released. Yes, there's somebody who can assist you with your essays expert essay writers at MyPerfectWords. If you're applying to a college that doesn't accept the Common App, you will have to answer their precise essay questions. The rules for writing an excellent essay are not any different. Two new essay options are added, and a number of the previous questions are revised. Nowadays it's quite difficult to locate a trustworthy essay writing service. What's a college admission essay. Pick a distinctive topic that others may not think of, and whatever you select, make sure you essay a good deal about it! With our academic writers you'll never face such a matter. Opt for a distinctive topic that others may not think of, and whatever you select, make certain you know a lot about it! So, one must be quite careful about choosing the correct topic and writing about it well. So you don't actually wish to locate a topic! As soon as you are aware of what your topic is, you've got to consider about the content of your essay. As soon as you discover that topic, it's about writing and rewriting. You're able to use any as the subject of your essay especially whenever you're not assigned any specific theme. Arguments always occur in a particular context. Essay isn't a four-letter wordthough you might feel like using a couple of your own when it is time to write one. Academic papers can't contain any signals of plagiarism.

Research Paper Preparation: How to Identify the Subject For Your Research Paper and a Ternary Topic

Research Paper Preparation: How to Identify the Subject For Your Research Paper and a Ternary TopicThe research project that you have been preparing is all set to be completed. You just need to know about the kind of subject for research paper and a tentative topic. You should do a little homework before beginning the research project to make sure that your research is up to the mark.If you are planning to undertake a research project, it is important that you should have chosen a general subject for research paper and a tentative topic. It is a must that the subject for research paper and a tentative topic should come out of your mind after you have researched about the subject for research paper and a tentative topic. If you have a list of general subjects that you want to investigate, you can choose among them.Once you have decided on the subject for research paper and a tentative topic, you should start by researching about the topic. After you have selected a topic for research paper and a tentative topic, you can now write down a list of topics for you to choose from. Some topics that you may want to research about include foreign languages, neuroscience, biological sciences, psychology, and religion. Once you have narrowed down your list of topics, you can now select the topic from the list.If you have selected the right topic for you, you can now prepare the actual paper for your research project. One of the most important things in preparing for a research paper is to know how to write the content of the paper. You should write as if you are doing an essay and therefore, you should not write too much.You can now start writing the paper. If you feel that you cannot write well, you can even have the help of a friend who can help you in writing the paper.You should always remember that you should write the content of the paper to the point and in a coherent manner. When writing the content of the paper, you should also make sure that you have included all the necessary information so that you can give a good research report for the paper.As mentioned above, the next step of preparing for a research paper is to identify the subject for the research paper and a tentative topic. You should prepare the whole research project first, then select the subject for the research paper and a tentative topic, and finally the content of the research paper.

The Advantages of Custommathematics College Courses

The Advantages of Custommathematics College CoursesMany students enter the world of science in their own way and with their own beliefs, but most of them find that the custom mathematics course at the college or university of their choice is the one that really convinces them. They are introduced to some of the fundamental concepts that form the basis of modern chemistry and physics, and even learn how to prepare and brew recipes. What's more, they get a real feel for how a laboratory works, and how much time and effort are involved in extracting valuable scientific information from various samples.The lectures are designed in such a way that they will appeal to all levels of students. It should be noted, however, that some people might find it difficult to absorb the material as fast as other students. This is because they have had a poor experience with other courses that they took and therefore would have trouble with the materials that were presented in the course. Since the curr iculum is widely varied, this should not be a problem for those who know what they're looking for in an education.In the course focuses on basic principles that are essential for all sciences. It explores the theory behind atomic and molecular structures, and how chemical reactions work. Students are also taught about the application of analytical methods in the determination of scientific values, as well as about the roles of toxicologists, chemists, and other researchers who participate in scientific research.They also get to develop an appreciation for how different areas of science are linked and how the concepts they learn in chemistry, physics, and biology are incorporated into other branches of the discipline, and how this knowledge aids them in their efforts to solve problems that are related to those fields. This is something that can be very helpful for students who are thinking about enrolling in graduate studies.Even if students take part in a good science program in col lege, the most important thing is that they are able to distinguish themselves from the crowd and differentiate themselves from the rest of the class. This can be easily achieved through the course. This allows the students to see how others are doing and helps them understand the advantages and drawbacks of their own approach.This course can also be used as an entry into a college program that is geared toward science majors, as it gives them a taste of how a lab works. There are many colleges that offer major programs in the fields of biology, chemistry, physics, and other related fields, and the custom mathematics course can be used as a major foundation of this program.The main goal of this course is to make students familiar with the physical sciences so that they can understand how scientists do things. Those who do not have a good idea about science can use this to get started on a path to developing a better understanding of how science works. It should also be noted that st udents who find this course appealing should look out for it in their college or university in case they are interested in pursuing careers in the physical sciences.

What to Include in Your Racist Essay Sample

What to Include in Your Racist Essay SampleTo write an effective racism essay sample, you should follow a few steps. You will first have to decide what the goal of your essay is, which you should keep in mind when writing a research paper.The most popular definitions for racism are based on race or on the belief that race determines status and personality. It has been said that in a one-on-one conversation with a white person, they can discriminate against any black person within 30 seconds. They can also judge a black person as less intelligent and less skilled in their job, but they can also dismiss this claim as racist because a black person is more likely to lie.People tend to judge others' behavior based on their position and their race. For example, if the teacher is looking at the class as black and he doesn't take race into consideration, he is guilty of being racist.We all know that every time we encounter a white person that has been discriminated against by someone else in the past, it always causes us to be more cautious in our actions. But there are still certain situations that can be acceptable based on his or her position in society and history. By understanding the difference between what is acceptable and what is not, you can understand how you can avoid being discriminated against in the future.There is no such thing as true racism. It can't happen, and never has. It is a delusion that exists only in the minds of those who want to believe it.Discrimination isn't a problem because it is meaningless. Discrimination is based on the differences between the races that make each individual's race different from the other races.Writing an essay about racism requires researching and thinking about things before putting them down on paper. You need to learn to look beyond the basic definition and think about what this discrimination is really about. And while you're doing that, you can also learn how to avoid being discriminated against in the future.

The Effects of Heroin on a Person’s Brain and Body a Literature Review free essay sample

The Effects of Heroin on a Person’s Brain and Body: A Literature Review Heroin, also known as diacetylmorphine, is an illegal drug in the United States and many other countries. Heroin has devastating results on the brain and body. This paper looks at heroin’s history, its consequences on the brain and body, addiction possibilities, and available options for treatment for heroin abusers. What is Heroin? Chemical make-up Breaking down the parts of the word, diacetylmorphine, di means two, acetyl is a radical derived from acetic acid, and morphine is a drug derived from the opium poppy plant used to relieve pain. Heroin, on the street, is generally not pure. Drug dealers often add other things in the drug to stretch their dollar (Furst, 2000). The term for adding things to a drug is called cutting it. According to Furst, easily attainable items, such as lactose and milk sugar, can cut heroin. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of Heroin on a Person’s Brain and Body: a Literature Review or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Quinine, a psychoactive drug that enhances the heroin high, is also a common choice. History Upon researching the history of heroin, very few research articles were located. Many tend to focus on its results in present day life. Unfortunately, this inequity of information in Walden University’s academic databases, the internet provided much of the information regarding the history of heroin. Using vigilant discernment and precise judgment, the following information appeared relevant and valuable in understanding the path of heroin. Heinrich Dreser, an employee of the Bayer Company (the same as today’s Bayer Asprin), first discovered heroin in 1895 by diluting morphine (PBS, 1998). It was later that heroin was advertised and sold as an over-the-counter medication. Acknowledged for having the pain relieving effects of morphine, without the side effects and addictions, heroin became the new choice for pain relief. Unfortunately, a researcher in Bayer laboratories unethically withheld the truth of this information (HeroinAbuse. Net, 2007; PBS, 1998). The use, abuse, and addiction to heroin grew in the United States, and around the world, throughout the early 1900s. Access to heroin on the streets, despite its illegal status, became easier and soon it became a headliner when American celebrities (Janis Joplin, John Belushi, and Kurt Cobain, to name a few) overdosed and died due to use of the drug and its mixture with other illegal substances (PBS, 1998). Today, heroin is still illegal, but is prominent in the lives of many who use or know someone who uses. Effects of Heroin on the Brain Drugs become illegal usually due to the negative consequences. Franken, Stam, Hendriks, and van den Brink (2004) found that heroin can have a negative result on the brain by limiting and exciting different areas leading the long time abuser to have negative characteristics similar to both Alzheimer’s patients and individuals with multiple sclerosis (dementia and brain lesions, respectively). While their study shared a lot about long-term users of heroin, it failed to present information regarding limited-use of heroin users. It is valuable information to know how heroin use affects both groups. The difference between users and abusers will be discussed in the addiction section of this paper. Li, et al. 2005) discovered major disruptions in the cerebral cortex and central nervous system when they autopsied accidental deaths of heroin addicts. While it is challenging to study the definitive effects of heroin on the brain in patients while alive, postmortem patients provide valuable information regarding the effects of heroin use on the brai n. While traces of heroin were found throughout the brain, they discovered a larger amount in the hippocampus and the basal ganglia (Li, et al. , 2005). These heroin cells left lesions in the brain, which could have lead to decreased blood flow to the organs and even death (Li, et al. , 2005). It is clear that the brain is affected by the use of heroin, next we will look at the effects of heroin on the body. Effects of Heroin on the Body Heroin affects vision. Firth (2005) studied its effects. Many heroin users reported double vision (diplopia); the author thought it was important to see whether it was a temporary or permanent condition. Eye exercises or specially made glasses corrected the majority of diplopic conditions. Shao, et al. (2006), tested and found that those with the DRD4 VNTR long repeat allele were more likely to crave heroin after seeing heroin related stimuli, than with the similar DRD4 VNTR short repeat allele. This type of research provides information to future researchers to study this particular allele and perhaps find a â€Å"cure† for heroin addiction. While this may not be the only part of the human body that shows addiction tendencies towards heroin, it is a stepping-stone towards a future of understanding heroin addiction and maybe generalizes that information towards addictions to any substance. Addiction Addiction, in general, has been viewed from many different angles. Many influences encourage one to begin using a substance. O’Brien (2003) states that when discussing addition agent variable, there are three categories to take into consideration. First, agent variables include the onset and duration of the high, and price of the substance. Second, host variables include a risk-taking personality, likeliness of the person to get high, hereditary influences, and a desire to self-medicate. Lastly, environmental variables include peer pressure, and the use of a substance by a role model. These three groups of variables are important to take into consideration when identifying and analyzing an addiction. Viewing addiction from two perspectives, it is in one’s brain, or addiction is a chronic disease (O’Brien, 2003). Research has found that brain mapping is different in the brain of an addict than it is in the brain of a non-addict. Applying the disease approach to addiction, relapses are common and cannot be helped. The philosophy resembles the thoughts such as â€Å"would you punish a diabetic for having a sugar crash? † Many times the ideas behind addiction are challenging for people to comprehend when they have not had an addiction themselves or seen another person go through it. It is important for researchers to study addiction so that we can better understand it and help those who are addicted to substances. According to the DSM-IV-TR (American Psychiatric Association, 2000), an addiction to heroin would be classified as an opioid dependence. The characteristics of a person who is dependent upon heroin (a member of the opioid family) include the use of the drug without a prescription, self-medicating, obsession with obtaining the drug, high tolerance for the drug, and withdrawal symptoms when use is abruptly ended. Chiang, et al. (2006), looked at the likelihood of relapse for heroin users and found that of their 166 heroin abusers, approximately 80% of them relapsed in the five-year study. This is a larger percentage and ties into the idea of heroin addiction being a chronic disease that affects an individual throughout their life. Treatment With relapse having such prevalence in the life of heroin abusers trying to abstain, finding a successful treatment program is an important task. Blanken, et al. 2005), found significant success in programs that utilized a mix of heroin and methadone as a treatment to curb withdrawal symptoms, over those that used only methadone. One may question the help of using an addictive substance to treat an addiction, but it is similar to the idea of weaning a child off breast milk by slowly introducing bottles alongside the breast. While it takes some time for the weaning process, it decreases the likelihood of relapse. Gossop, Stewart, and Marsden (2006) found th at participants in a methadone treatment program, who received drug related counseling, were less likely to elapse than those who received generic or no counseling. This is important information for clinics that have methadone treatments programs because they can use the research to enhance their programs to better fit their patients and help in their treatments. Research (Marissen, et al. , 2006) has found that in-patient patients, who showed interest towards heroin related cues, were more likely to relapse after treatment, than those who did not show interest in the cues. The next steps for future research may include assessing whether the desire for heroin makes treatment more difficult. Whether an addict has a problem in their brain, or whether they have a chronic disease, heroin use and abuse is a grave topic for consideration (O’Brien, 2003). From the characteristics that push a person to first try heroin, to the nagging need for the high of just one more hit, the drug is a dangerous chemical that can have serious repercussions on both the brain and the body. Researcher need to continue their work in examining heroin as a chemical, drug, and addictive substance in order to assist in the best treatment for its use. With continued research, there may be a cure for heroin addiction, or even addiction itself. References American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th Ed, Text Revision). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. Blanken, P. , Hendriks, V. M. , Koeter, M. W. J. , van Ree, J. M. , van den Brink, W. (2005). Matching of treatment-resistant heroin-dependent patients to medical prescription or heroin or oral methadone treatment: Results from two randomized controlled trials. Addiction, 100, 89-95. Chiang, S. -C.. Chan, H. -Y. , Chen, C. -H. , Sun, H. -J. , Chang, H. -J. , Chen, W. J. , Lin, S. -K. , Chen, C. -K. (2006). Recidivism among male subjects incarcerated for illicit drug use in Taiwan. Psychiatry Clinical Neurosciences, 60, 444-451. Firth, A. Y. (2005). Heroin and diplopia. Addiction, 100, 46-50. Franken, I. H. A. , Stam, C. J. , Hendriks, V. M. , van den Brink, W. (2004). Electroencephalographic power and coherence analyses suggest altered brain function in abstinent male heroin-dependent patients. Neuropsychobiology, 49, 105-110. Gossop, M. , Stewart, D. , Marsden, J. (2006). Effectiveness of drug and alcohol counseling during methadone treatment: content, frequency, and duration of counseling and association with substance use outcomes. Addiction, 101, 404-412. HeroinAbuse. Net. (2007). History of heroin. [Website]. Retrieved July 8, 2010, from http://www. heroinabuse. net/heroin_history. php Li, L. , Lu, G. , Yao, H. , Zhao, Y. , Feng, Z. , Yew, D. T. (2005). Postmortem changes in the central nervous system and adrenal medulla of the heroin addicts. International Journal of Neuroscience, 115, 1443-1449. Marissen, M. A. E. , Franken, I. H. A. , Waters, A. J. , Blanken, P. , van den Brink, W. , Hendriks, V. M. (2006). Attentional bias predicts heroin relapse following treatment. Addiction, 9, 1306-1312. National Kidney Foundation. (2008). Drug abuse and your kidneys. [Website]. Retrieved July 10, 2010, from http://www. kidney. org/atoz/atozItem. cfm? id=44 O’Brien, C. P. (2003). Research advances in the understanding and treatment of addiction. The Journal on Addictions, 12, S36-S47. PBS. (1998). Opium throughout history. [Website]. Retrieved July 18, 2010, from http://www. pbs. org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/heroin/etc/history. html Shao, C. , Li, Y. , Jiang, K. , Xu, Y. , Lin, Y. , Wang, Q. , Zhao, M. , Jin, L. (2006). Dopamine D4 receptor polymorphism modulates cue-elicited heroin craving in Chinese. Psychopharmacology, 186, 185-190.